Wednesday, November 12, 2014

The recluse and the students

Short story
by dorothy charles banks

The old man was like a character right out of a scary movie. Alone, no family or friends, he lived without fuss and complete anonymity in the roach infested house on Hollyvine Street. He never left his house. The 70-year-old was never seen going to the grocery store, to work, walking around the neighborhood or cutting his grass. Some of his neighbors speculated that someone brought groceries to him after dark, or heaven forbid, he devoured the roaches that scampered freely inside his house. This was the neighborhood joke. Of course, the guessing and wondering made no sense but some had fun with it. Some of his neighbors couldn’t mind their own business. They had to fill in the blanks with something, whether it was true or not.

The old man led a reclusive life until Pamela Austin and Matt Stone, two college students in search of a living subject to interview—heard about him. Pamela was writing a thesis was on the lifestyle of a recluse. It’s hard to imagine a recluse having a lifestyle. The old man living on Hollyvine was made to order. Matt knew that Pamela was scared to approach him by herself, so he decided to act as her “protector.”

Matt told Pamela that he heard about the recluse from a friend who lived in the neighborhood. Planning how they would approach the recluse they forgot one important factor: the old man himself. They didn’t know if he would agree to be interviewed, or if he would shoot them for having the balls to disturb him. It happens in movies. Why not in real life? A true recluse doesn’t like outside hassles, and people invading their privacy.

Matt and Pamela decided to visit the old man just to feel him out. Walking upon the porch they brushed aside tree limbs that had accumulated on the porch over a period of months, maybe years. Large trees surrounded both sides of the house that was in relatively good shape. Roaches of all sizes scurried wildly when they kicked branches. Pamela jumped, holding her mouth so she wouldn’t scream.

“I’m leaving,” she whispered to Matt. “I’ll find something else to write about!”

“We’re here now. We might as well see if he’ll talk to us.”

Pamela had never seen such a concentration of roaches in her life. A dark brown cockroach crawled feebly toward her at a tortoise pace. “It thinks I’m a piece of meat,” she whispered to Matt, who wanted to laugh. He wasn’t as scared of the roaches as Pamela.

Pamela’s legs went into convulsions as she excitedly shook off roaches trying to crawl up her legs. A cockroach landed on its back, too weak and dazed to regain an upright position. It just lay there like it was playing dead. From a tattered, sparsely curtained window, a man watched them on his porch.  He must have been amused by their fear of the roaming roaches. They heard his high pitched laughter behind the door. The window he stood in was framed by roaches inside and outside. Matt knocked on the door.

The old man disappeared from the tattered curtain. They could hear him jostling around inside. He didn’t acknowledge Matt’s knocking on the door. Thinking the old man was still in the living room, Matt asked him if he would come to the door. It was quiet inside. The old man didn’t look out the window again.  They had a feeling he was still watching them.

“I don’t think he is going to answer the door,” Pamela whispered. “We might have pissed him off.”

They left but they weren’t going to let the old recluse shake their determination to interview him. They hounded the old man for a week. He finally opened the door and consented to be interviewed. He told them that they had better hurry, because he wasn’t going to stand for nosy outsiders “poking roun’ in my business.” He didn’t make them feel welcomed.

The first visit was hair raising. The rancidness inside the house was a silent discourager. Pamela was tempted to call off the interview before it begin. Both of them talked with their hands covering their nose and mouth. Roaches crawled over them, under them, around them, all displaying perfectly bad manners. In the middle of the room Pamela noticed a pillow on the dirty carpet. The dingy pillowcase was covered by roaches.

The old recluse, dressed in a dirty shirt and pants and barefoot, was oblivious to the roaches and the howling stench in his house. His fingernails and toenails were long and dirty. He had no electricity. He used two lamps for lighting. One was sitting on a small table that had seen its better days, and the other one sitting in a corner. They didn’t dare ask him why he had no electricity. Pamela decided she would bring her flashlight the next visit.

By the third visit Matt was concerned about the affect the roaches, the smell, and the old man’s body odor was having on Pamela. She tried hard not to inhale but she couldn’t hold her breath and talk simultaneously. They learned that the old recluse’s name was Rufus Diggers, 75. He was light skinned, probably weight 145 to 150 pounds, tall and slender with no body definition. Pamela guessed that he was about 5 feet 7 inches tall. The lamp light wasn’t bright enough to tell what color his eyes were. She could see that his graying hair was shoulder length and matted, as was his long beard. This old man is ready for a role in a horror movie, she thought to herself. She couldn’t guess how old he was. She assumed her was around 70, maybe older.

She could see that the old recluse’s stubby teeth had not been brushed in a very long time. Pamela, more than Matt, was curiously fascinated with Rufus Diggers. He didn’t make them feel welcome. To add to her apprehension, Pamela saw a gray cat enter the room, purring, looking straight at her. It walked over to her and rubbed against her leg, still purring.

Oh, God! All I need is a germy cat rubbing against my leg, roaches on my shoes trying to crawl up my legs! “Nice cat,” she said to Diggs. He didn’t respond. “Now call this damn ball of matted fur off me! Pamela thought to herself. She didn’t like cats.

One evening Pamela told Matt that she had a solution to protecting themselves from the roaches. “How about having jumpsuits made to cover us from head to toe? That way the roaches can’t get to us. We can tell him it's a uniform the school require us to wear. We have to wear a gas mask to wipe out the smell! We can make up something later about the masks.”

“What if Mr. Rufus tells us not to come back? You have a few more interviews to go. You don’t want to piss him off more than he already is.”

“Right. These damn roaches and Mr. Rufus are giving me nightmares.”

“It’s like being in the Twilight Zone. I like the old guy. He’s got a shitty attitude, but I like him.”

“Yeah. He’s weird like you. I got an aunt who sews. She can make the jumpsuits. Ol’ Rufus won’t know the difference.”

After leaving Rufus’s house Pamela called her aunt, telling her what she wanted. They went to her aunt’s house. Pamela told her that they wanted simple jumpsuits with tapered legs and sleeves and hoods. Pamela’s aunt had enough light gray material to make the outfits in a couple of hours. They could pick them up the next day, she told them.

That night Pamela had her first bad dream about roaches. Even the cat showed up. She dreamed that thousands of roaches attacked her, devouring her flesh, crawling inside her eyes and mouth, exiting out of her ears. She woke up, a scream stuck in her throat. Even though she was in the safety of her apartment that she shared with a roommate, she was too scared to open her eyes for 10 minutes. The next day she told Matt about her dream. He laughed and told her about a dream he had.

“Roaches don’t eat people except in a movie,” Matt said, laughing.

They changed into the jumpsuits at her aunt’s house.  She noticed a red bump on her right arm.  A roach must have bitten me, she thought to herself.  Their new look didn’t puzzle Rufus. Pamela talked to him for an hour. That is as long he was willing to talk. He sat in the only chair in the empty room. Matt and Pamela had to stand, which they preferred to do anyway. He had given her permission to use her flashlight so she could see to write her notes.

Leaving the house Pamela said, “The roaches seem to be multiplying. They give me the creeps, even with this jumpsuit on. The way they starred at us was unnerving! That cat is creepy too! I thought it was going to start humping my leg!”

“I think that cat likes you. Dogs hump legs, not cats!” As they got into the car, one of Rufus’s neighbors hurriedly walked towards them, beckoning for them to wait.

“Hello. My name is Cleo Louise,” she said, catching her breath. “I’m one of Mr. Diggers neighbors.  Been knowing Rufus for years. He changed so much since his wife passed. Poor dear had cancer. She died about 10 years ago right in this house. Rufus haven’t been the same since. He don’t come out that house for nothing. Oh, look at me! I’m just rambling on and on like we know each other! I don’t usually run my big mouth this much!”

They smiled at Cleo. “Happy to meet you. My name is Pamela and this is Matt. We’re college students.”

“I was wondering who you was, ‘cause Rufus don’t have no company. I’m surprised he let you in his house. I live two houses from here on the other side of the street. Rufus sold and gave away every stick of furniture they had when his wife died. They had some nice stuff, too! He took her death hard. Poor man lost interest in everything and everybody. I’m not trying to be nosy or anything, but why are you two visiting Rufus so much? Is he sick? I’d be glad to look after him.”

“No. We’re interviewing him for a paper I’m writing. He talks to us for an hour, and then he gets impatient. We take that as our cue to leave.” 

Fanning herself, Cleo Louise said, “Like I said, I’m not trying to be nosy. I was just wondering if anything is wrong with Mr. Diggers. We all get a little concerned about him, because he never leaves the house. I think his only daughter brings him groceries about once a month. She comes after midnight. I guess she works late. I just happen to see her one night. Rufus used to be so friendly and outgoing. He was good looking, too. Had a head full of curly hair. He sure did. You know what?” she asked, turning to Matt. “You sure look familiar. I swear I seen you before.”

“Yes ma’am,” Matt said, looking at his watch. “I don’t think you know me. Well, we have to go. It was nice talking to you.”

“You’re welcome. Like I said I’m not nosy. I was just wondering if Mr. Diggers is sick or something. You two have a good evening.”

“You too,” Pamela said, wanting to laugh at the woman’s obvious nosiness. “I bet she hasn’t tried to talk to Mr. Diggers is years!” 

“She knows about his hair and good looks. She probably tried to hit on him after his wife died.”

“He had a head full of curly hair. He sure did,” Pamela said, mocking Cleo, a middle aged woman.

Matt dropped Pamela at her apartment. She wasn’t sleepy, so she read her notes, making sure she was getting the information she needed. After a couple of hours she laid across her bed. She fell asleep. Her dream evolved into a nightmare. It was so authentic she could feel the roaches biting into her flesh. She woke up and turned on the TV. She decided that she needed only one more interview to tie up all loose ends. She had one week to finish her paper and turn it in. Summer courses were shorter and faster.

The next day she told Matt this was the last interview. “I have enough. Mr. Diggers is getting tired of us. And I’m tired of his pet cat and ill-mannered roaches!”

“Sure you’ve got enough?”

“Yeah. It’s going to take me a day or two to write at least 10 to 15 pages. Professor Murray doesn’t play! The man shows no mercy on his students. Write a complete paper or get an F.”

On the last visit Matt asked Rufus a few questions. Pamela completed the interview. They thanked Rufus. He nodded his head. They hurried out the door, anxious to shake the roaches off their shoes and pant legs.

“I’m going to throw away my suit. What you doing with yours?”

“I might keep it. I don’t know.”

Pamela took a shower. Balled up the jumpsuit and threw it in the trash. She fixed a sandwich, took out her notes and turned on the TV. It was around 8:30 and her roommate was getting ready to go on a date.

“Ellen do you ever do homework? How do you pass your classes?”

“That’s why I don’t worry about it. I pay someone to do my research and write for me. 
Stressing is for you. That’s not my idea of having fun.”

“You’re going to get caught one of these days.”

“I’ll worry about that when it happens.”

Around midnight Pamela put on her favorite t-shirt that she sleeps in. She took the sleeping pill that Matt gave her. He told her she would sleep through the night and not be disturbed by another nightmare.  She was tired, so the pill took affect within 30 minutes. The nightmare didn’t fall asleep with her. Realism was soon controlling her roach infested dream.  She could feel the roaches starring at her as they circled her bed. She swatted at them in her sleep.

She struggled to wake up. “That is some powerful pill,” she mumbled to herself. “Phew! Smells like roaches in this room!”

She sat on the side of her bed, gasping for fresh air.  She suddenly noticed that the floor was cold and gritty. Her apartment was carpeted. She reached to turn on the lamp next to her bed. It wasn’t there. No nightmare can be this real, she thought, rubbing the sleep out of her eyes.

Suddenly, she heard someone come into her room. “Ellen is that you? My lamp disappeared. I can’t see my hand in front of me!” Ellen didn’t answer. Pamela reached for the lamp again. There was no table or lamp. “What the hell?” she asked out loud. “Ellen stop kidding and turn on the light.” 

Ellen didn’t move or answer. Pamela was getting nervous. She had no idea who was in the room with her if it wasn’t Ellen. This was all she needed: a silent burglar, maybe a rapist/murderer, and she was without a weapon to fight him off. In fact, this wasn't her room!

She stood next to what she thought was her bed. “Who’s in here? What do you want? I have a gun in my hand! I know how to use it!” The voice in the darkness finally spoke, erasing Pamela’s fear of a burglar, rapist or murderer. 

“It’s me. Matt.”  

“What are you doing in my room? How did you get in here! Turn on the light! You scared the hell out of me!” Pamela felt comfortable knowing it was her pal Matt in the room. “Does it smell like Mr. Diggers house in here? My carpet feels hard and gritty.” There were no roaches or creepy, crawling creatures in my apartment.

“Sorry I scared you,” Matt said calmly, still standing in the dark.

“Turn on the light! How did you get in here? You don’t have a key. Remind me tomorrow to get some disinfectant for this place! Ellen must have left some leftover food under her bed again! It smells awful in here! My lamp took legs and walked off!”

Matt didn’t answer. He didn’t turn on the light. Pamela noticed that it was darker than usual in her room. A streetlight near the apartment complex diluted the darkness in her room. She saw no hint of light. 

“Matt are you sure that’s you? You’re acting so strange. I can’t figure out why I’m standing here in the dark talking to you, and my feet are on a hard floor. She walked toward the wall switch to turn on the light.

She thought she was still asleep, and Matt had become part of her nightmare. He walked over to her and pushed her back onto the full-size bed. “Okay, Matt. Stop with the bullshit and switch on the light.” She was full of questions that were not getting answers.

“Don’t be scared,” Matt said, lit a lamp. He sat next to Pamela.

“This is not my apartment! What the hell is going on?”

“You’re not at your apartment. Remember when you promised to help me if I helped you? Well, I’m ready to do research for a short story I’m writing for a science fiction magazine.”

“What is the story about? Am I still dreaming and we’re in a strange room?”

“No, you’re not dreaming. The sooner you cooperate the sooner I can take you back to your apartment. It’s an experiment.”

“Back to my apartment? What are you talking about?” Pamela’s thoughts were now going haywire. How did he get her out of her apartment without her knowing about it? “This is some crazy bullshit!”

It seemed that Matt, who she had known for four years, was reading her mind. “You probably want to know how you got here. Wednesday when we were in the mall I asked you for your apartment key. I had a copy made. You didn’t ask why I wanted it. I had some sleeping pills and I gave you one the day you said that was the last interview. I told you the pill would stop your nightmares for that night."

“But . . .”

“I called you about 1:00. I hoped you would be sleep by then. I saw Ellen earlier and she said she was spending the night with a friend. I sneaked into your apartment and brought you here. No one saw us. I held you up, so it looked like you were walking on your own.”

“You dressed me?”

“Had to.”

Pamela screamed when a large cockroach attempted to run up her leg. “Where am I? It smells like the Mr. Digger’s house.  It’s not your apartment!” She did not hear Matt say he sneaked her out of her apartment.

For the first time since she has known Matt she didn’t trust him. Being in this strange room talking about an experiment was totally out of whack. She saw two shoe boxes sitting in a corner. There was no furniture in the room except for the bed with the musty white sheet covering the mattress. Pamela felt dirty, and wondered if she smelled like the rancid room. The heavy stench reminded her of the first day she and Matt visited Rufus. She heard someone walk into the bedroom.

“How’s it coming, son?” the familiar voice asked.

Pamela’s heart almost jumped out of her chest as she starred at Rufus Diggers. The strange room, the smell, the darkness at her apartment, the gritty floor, Matt giving her a sleeping pill was all coming together.  What was Rufus doing in the same room with her and Matt. Why was he calling Matt “son”? 

“It’s Mr. Diggers!” Pamela almost shouted. “Oh, my God! What is going on here? You’re scaring me, Matt!”

“Don’t worry,” Matt assured her. “He’s harmless. He’s my dad.”

Your what!? What are you talking about?”

“My dad,” Matt repeated. “He’s helping with my experiment. How long do you think it will take, Dad?”

“Can’t tell, son.”

“I want to go home tight now, Matt! You’re scaring me again! If this is a joke I don’t think it’s funny.”

“No joke, Pamela. This is serious. Just like when we were interviewing him. We planned it. My dad pretended like he didn’t want to talk to us.”

“Ready, son?” Rufus asked. “You hold her down while I tape her up.”

Pamela suddenly realized that Matt and his father were going to tape her arms, legs and mouth so she couldn’t move or scream. She struggled to break free of Matt’s hold on her arms. Rufus was taped her arms behind her back, then her ankles. Her struggling was useless. No audible screams were forthcoming out of her tape mouth. She was crying. Her eyes pleaded with Matt to stop the nonsense. Or if it was a nightmare, please God let me wake up! 

“Don’t fight, Pam. You promised to help me.”

Matt took two sleeping pills out of the bottle in his hands. He removed the tape from her mouth, forcing her to take the pills. Water spilled on her chest as she shook her head from side to side.  She fought and tried to scream. Matt quickly taped her mouth again. Rufus was laughing at Pamela’s struggle to break free. She closed her eyes, still wishing and hoping this was a nightmare that she would wake up from. 

Why are you doing to me, Matt? Pamela eyes asked Matt. She suddenly remembered the nosy neighbor tell Matt that he looked familiar. She had seen coming to the house late at night.

“We’re not going to hurt, Pam. You wouldn’t have cooperated if I told you the truth. I really hated fooling you.”

Pamela was getting sleepy. She fought to stay awake. Her drowsy mind was trying to find a way to free her hands. She fell asleep with her eyes asking Matt: Why are you doing this to me? He was holding the lamp close to her face. He could see her eyes. He ignored the question.

“I know you’re still a little asleep. That was a strong sleeping pill. I want to tell you what my science fiction story is be about.” Pamela was almost out like a light. “You’re going to love it when you read it.”

“Ready, son?” Rufus asked. He opened one of the shoes boxes, sitting it on the bed next to Pamela. He and Matt watched as the multi-sized roaches scampered out the box and who crawled onto Pamela’s sleeping body. Rufus opened the second box of larger roaches. He stepped back, giggling to himself, standing next to Matt.

“This experiment will unravel a mystery for me,” Matt said to Pamela, keeping his distance from the bed. He didn’t want to distract the roaches. “I’m trying to find out if roaches will eat human flesh when they’re really hungry. I won’t let them hurt you too much. I just want to enough information make my story interesting. I’m sure you’ll understand. What’s a few roach bites between friends?”

(c) by 1980 by dorothy charles banks

Monday, October 27, 2014

Medical treatment of Ebola victim Thomas Duncan takes on racial overtones, and Liberian citizens living in America are very anger

Patrick Sawyer, 40, a naturalized citizen of the United States, died of Ebola July 20. He was a top government official in the Liberian Ministry of Finance.  A father of three, Sawyer was planning on returning to the U.S. to celebrate the birthday of one of his daughters. But first he had to stop in Lagos, Nigeria for a conference.
Patrick Sawyer

Deboarding a plane in Nigeria, Sawyer collapsed. He was whisked off to a Nigerian hospital. The Ebola virus disease (EVD) that he contracted in Liberia was quickly taking toll on his body. He was not aware that he had contracted Ebola. He died in Dallas, Texas hospital. He contracted the virus while taking care of his sister in Liberia. His wife said he did not know his sister had Ebola.


Decontee Sawyer
Patrick Sawyer’s death was barely a blip in the American media. There were a few news stories, and interviews with his wife Decontee Sawyer. The attention was nowhere close to the attention that Thomas Eric Duncan’s death received. His death quickly evolved into a referendum against President Barack Obama. Republicans and faultfinding critics hastily proclaimed that the President did not “act fast enough” to stop the “invasion” of an Ebola epidemic in this country.


At the time the only individuals with symptoms of the Ebola virus in America was Duncan, and the nurses who took care of him. Doctors and nurses that contracted the virus in West Africa were quarantined in another state before Duncan was hospitalized in Dallas. They came to the United States for medical treatment. They hardly constituted an “Ebola invasion”. Not one of these cases originated in America. Dr. Craig Spencer, 33, a volunteer with Doctors Without Borders, is the latest victim to return to America from West Africa, infected with the virus. He is in quarantine at Bellevue Hospital in New York.

A native of Liberia, Duncan, 42, died October 8 in a Dallas, Texas at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital. Sawyer died in Nigeria, the reason his death did not cause a Duncan-like panic in America. Duncan’s death initiated a wave of fearmongering that was, and is still, being bolstered and perpetrated by campaigning Republicans and a complicit media.


There was some controversy in Duncan's story when he traveled to Dallas. He had been in contact with someone in Liberia, who had Ebola, but he did not know the pregnant woman was infected. "Duncan's story to his US caregivers contradicts the real story in his community in Liberia. Mathaline Williams was six months pregnant and her parents were Duncan's neighbors, who owned the apartment Duncan lived in.

"Irene Senyou, lives in the apartment right next to where Duncan lived before his travel". 

Senyou told FrontPageAfrica that her next-door neighbor helped their landlord when his  pregnant daughter later died. Senyou said, "When the girl got sick, he helped to carry the girl. He helped to put the girl in the car to take her to the hospital". 

"When they brought her back, he helped to put her in the house. He was not looking sick and he never knew the girl had Ebola." 

Duncan was 42 years old when he travelled to the United States from Liberia. He flew to Dallas to visit family, getting sick a few days later. He made his first visit to a Dallas hospital.

Liberians living in “Little Liberia” in Staten Island, New York, as well as those living in Texas, are angry that Duncan did not get adequate medical care. They likened his medical treatment to that of the nurses and doctors quarantined at one of the four hospitals, where treatment is specialized to Ebola victims, none of whom have died. They question why Duncan was the only one to die.
 

Allen Tarty, communications director for the Liberian Community Association of Dallas-Ft Worth, Texas said, “Duncan was given second-rate treatment in a country with one of the world’s best health care systems. There are so many things happening that are making the Liberian community angry”.

Tarty, who has been in the U.S. for 12 years, said Duncan was mistreated by the hospital staff to discourage other Liberians from traveling to the U. S. to seek treatment. (allafrica.com)

Thomas Eric Duncan
An article in The Guardian (October 16) went farther, declaring that racism and having no insurance played a pivotal role in the medical care that Duncan received September 25. The article compared Duncan to Nina Pham, one of the nurses who contracted Ebola from Duncan. 

"Thomas Eric Duncan, the first person to die of Ebola in the United States, was not the right kind of victim for the west: he wasn't a pretty young woman smiling in sunglasses as a Cavalier King Charles spaniel named Bentley licks her cheeks; he didn't have a young, benevolent doctor's face that looks "appropriate" plastered on newspapers; he wasn't a kindly older nurse who told reporters how God had spared her. He wasn’t the kind of person to whom primetime news specials would dedicate 20 minutes and glorify with quotes from loved ones about his kind spirit or ceaseless determination to overcome an unfair affliction.

“Thomas Eric Duncan was Black, he was poor, and he was African. A Dallas hospital turned away the uninsured Liberian immigrant after an initial exam concluded he suffered only from a "low-grade viral disease", and the media turned him into the unsympathetic, undeserving face of a contagion with which the west is frantically grappling".

Annan is not pleased with the complacency of wealthy countries are displaying

So long as the Ebola virus was contained in West Africa there was no concern among politicians and the media about the virus making its way to America. It was that lackadaisical attitude that frustrated former UN Secretary Kofi Annan. During an interview with Britain’s BBC Newsnight he said: "I am bitterly disappointed by the response... I am disappointed in the international community for not moving faster.

"If the crisis had hit some other region it probably would have been handled very differently.
Kofi Annan
In fact when you look at the evolution of the crisis, the international community really woke up when the disease got to America and Europe.

“I point the finger of blame at the governments with capacity... I think there's enough blame to go around. The African countries in the region could have done a bit more they could have asked for help much faster and the international community could have organized ourselves in a much better way to offer assistance. We didn't need to take months to do what we are doing today".
 

Annan does not blame the World Health Organization (WHO) for its slowness to ask for help. Nevertheless, the organization is getting some unfavorable criticism. “By the time the Ebola outbreak was declared an international emergency, Liberia had less than 250 doctors. Scientists could not have devised a more nurturing environment for a deadly virus if they had designed it in a laboratory.

“But if local conditions created the opening for the epidemic, it was global inaction that helped it to flourish. For months, organizations like Doctors Without Borders begged the World Health Organization to begin marshaling resources to fight the crisis. But after years of budget cuts and the gutting of its epidemic-response unit, WHO failed to act with anything approaching the necessary speed and competence. 


"Nor was it alone: governments around the world have stalled, unwilling to recognize this outbreak as the global humanitarian crisis it is. Even now, far too few have stepped up to provide the medical resources and technical expertise that are so desperately needed". (The Nation, October 8)

Health care systems and facilities in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea, three of the poorest countries in the world, have been decimated by protracted civil wars. Healthcare workers and doctors  fled these countries in fear for their lives, and fear of contracting the deadly virus. Not enough doctors and healthcare workers were available to take care Ebola stricken victims in these countries.

This outbreak of Ebola is the worst in the countries history, according to CDC and healthcare professionals. Liberia is the hardest hit and has the highest number of Ebola deaths, which are climbing daily. Sierra Leona and Guinea are almost tied in their death tolls. 


Where the Ebola virus finds its hosts

“It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest.

“Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.

“Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced.

“Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased person can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola. People remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain the virus. Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness.” (World Health Organization)


First notice of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)

Ebola first appeared in Sudan and Zaire in 1976. Its name is derived from the Ebola River located Zaire, later renamed the Northern Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The first outbreak was called the Sudan Virus (SUDV). Within months a new strain of the virus appeared Zaire (Yambuku) and surrounding areas, infecting 318 Africans, killing 280 in the month of August. The Ebola Virus (EBOV) was spread through one-on-one contact, reuse of contaminated needles and syringes in hospital and clinics. In 1977 Zaire had one Ebola case and one death. Sudan had 34 cases, resulting in 22 deaths.

“The first identified case of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) was on 26 August 1976, in this rural village 60 miles (96 km) south of the Ebola River, following a June 1976 outbreak of EVD in South Sudan caused by Sudan Virus. The index case (first case) was the headmaster of the local school, Mabalo Lokela.

“Lokela had toured an area near the border with the Central African Republic, along the Ebola River, with a small group from the Yambuku mission from August 12–22, 1976. On August 26, Lokela fell ill and was initially diagnosed with a relapse of malaria. By September 5, Lokela was in a critical condition with profuse bleeding from all orifices and on September 8 he died. As was the local custom, Lokela's mother, his wife Mbunzu's mother and sister, and other women friends helped prepare Lokela's body for burial. Within days most of them were seriously ill and many died shortly thereafter. The mission hospital's reuse of unsterilized needles also helped spread the infection.” (Wikipedia)

In 2013 to the present, the Ebola death count has spiraled upwards in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. America had one victim from Liberia to die in Texas, and seven American doctors and nurses who contracted the virus in West Africa. Five have been rendered Ebola free and the two of the nurses—Nina Pham and Amber Vinson. Pham is now Ebola free, and has visited the White House to meet with President Obama. Vinson is still quarantined but is expected to recover.

5 known species of the Ebola virus

Doctors, nurses, healthcare workers dress in hazmat suits to ensure their safety while tending Ebola patients in West Africa and now in America
The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 West African outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.

(A) There are only two known outbreaks of Ebola-Bundibugyo, but both have occurred within the last seven years. There have been 226 reported cases to date, with 73 resulting in death, which is a 32 percent fatality rate resulting in death, which is a 32 percent fatality rate. The first outbreak occurred from 2007-2008 in Uganda. The second and last outbreak occurred in 2012 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (guardianlv.com)

(B) Reston (RESTV) causes Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates . . . it is not known to cause disease in humans, but has caused asymptomatic infections. Reston was first discovered in 1990 as a new “strain” of the Ebola virus. Reston is named after Reston, Virginia where it was discovered. Seven known cases occurred in the United States. (Wikipedia)

(C) The Ebola-Sudan strain was first discovered in 1976. Of its five reported outbreaks to date, there have been a total of 784 infections, resulting in 421 deaths, which is a 53 percent fatality rate. The highest fatality rate ever recorded from an Ebola-Sudan outbreak 71 percent, which occurred in 2012, the last known Ebola-Sudan outbreak to date. The lowest fatality rate ever recorded is 41 percent, which occurred in 2004. Fatality rates from the other three Ebola-Sudan outbreaks are 53 percent in 1976, 65 percent in 1979 and 53 percent in 2000 and 2001. All five reported outbreaks have occurred in Sudan or Uganda. (guardianlv.com)

(D) Taï Forest virus (TAFV) causes severe disease in primates. TAFV was first introduced as a new “strain” of Ebola in 1995. The ecology of TAFV is currently unclear and no reservoir host has yet been identified. (Wikipedia)

There is only one known case of Ebola-Tai Forest, that occurred in 1994 when a scientist fell ill after reportedly conducting a necropsy on a chimpanzee. She flew to Switzerland, where she was treated and made a full recovery. (guardianlv.com)

(E) The first known outbreak of Ebola-Zaire occurred in 1976. Along with Ebola-Sudan, it is thought to be the oldest strain of Ebola. With 13 reported outbreaks since then, not including lab accidents where only one person was infected, it is the most common strain of Ebola. Unfortunately, it is also considered the most deadly. Even compared to the other two lethal strains of Ebola, the numbers for Ebola-Zaire are staggering. This strain has killed a total 2033 out of 3115 of its victims since its first outbreak in 1976, which is about a 65 percent fatality rate. (guardian.com)

Symptoms of the Ebola Virus Disease

According the World Health Organization (WHO) symptoms of Ebola virus disease are a sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat are typical signs and symptoms. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding.

Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts, and elevated liver enzymes. The incubation period, or the time interval from infection to onset of symptoms, is from 2 to 21 days. Ebola victims become contagious when they commence manifesting visible symptoms. They are not contagious during the incubation period. Ebola infections can only be confirmed through laboratory testing.  

“If a person recovers from Ebola, they also will develop certain antibodies to the disease in their blood that confirm the disease was Ebola. In addition to blood tests, a doctor will also consider the person’s activities and whether they have come in contact with anyone who could have Ebola. (healthline.com) 

Ebnola victim is helped by healthcare worker in Liberia. He is at the full stage of the virus
“The Ebola virus does not have a cure or vaccine at this time. Instead, measures are taken to keep the person as comfortable as possible. Supportive care measures include:

(A) giving medications to maintain blood pressure; (B) managing electrolyte balances; (C) providing extra oxygen, if needed; (D) providing intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration; (E) treating co-existing infections and preventing other infections from occurring. People’s immune systems can respond differently to Ebola. While some may recover from the virus without complication, others can have residual effects like joint problems.” 

With the death of Thomas Eric Duncan, blame took the lead, and pointed fingers at the staff in Dallas, and the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Republicans, using Ebola to score political points in the upcoming mid-term elections, have successfully convinced a host of citizens that President Obama and the CDC cannot be trusted to tell the truth about how the Ebola virus is contracted. Politicians and none medical pundits have decided that the virus is viral. Forget body fluids! 

Never mind that hospitals in America were not prepared to handle one case of Ebola, let alone a rush of cases. The CDC, nurses and doctors were caught flat-footed. The nurse at the front desk dropped the ball when Duncan entered the emergency room at the Texas Health Resources Presbyterian Hospital. No one at the hospital had been sufficiently trained to administer medical care to an Ebola victim. The nurses were not adequately prepared to read the signs or symptoms of the virus. 

Duncan was in the emergency room for four hours with other people. He had a 100 degrees temperature. By the time he and his companion were dismissed, his temperature had elevated to 103, which did not alarm the staff. He was given some antibiotics and sent home. Duncan returned to the hospital three days later in full contagious mode, and a danger to anyone who was not properly dressed or prepared to approach him. He died of the virus. Because the Ebola virus is still contagious after death, Duncan was cremated, his ashes  handled with caution. His family could not have a funeral. They held a memorial service.

Lessons have since been learned from this experience. The Center for Disease Control have created protocols for all hospital staff to follow. Nurses and doctors will now be properly dressed to avoid contact with body fluids when tending an individual infected with the Ebola virus. 

October 15 President Obama, in a meeting at the White House with top healthcare officials, told the group: “As soon as someone is diagnosed with Ebola, we want a rapid response team, a SWAT team, essentially from the CDC to be on the ground as quickly as possible, hopefully within 24 hours, so they are taking the local hospital step-by-step through exactly what needs to be done.  

Cured victims and nonvictims of Ebola bear the burden of stigmatization  

Unfortunately, if a cure for the Ebola virus disease was discovered tomorrow it would not cure the stigma that healed victims have to fight. In Africa individuals who have been rendered Ebola-free are treated like they are still infected, and capable of spreading the virus. They are ostracized by friends, family and neighbors.

Oretha Bestman-Yates, a resident of “Little Liberia” in Staten Island, New York, and president of the Staten Island Liberian Community, is stigmatized because she is from Liberia. She does not have, nor have she ever been infected with the Ebola virus. In July Bestman-Yates traveled to Liberia to see family, and when she returned to America her employer would let her return to work immediately. She was told to quarantine herself for 21 days. 

“But even after the 21-day period elapsed on 5 August, she says she has still not been allowed to return to work.

"People try to avoid you, pull away from you. I've had people tell me, 'We brought Ebola to the United States,'" she says. Many of the Staten Island Liberians are employed in hospitals and nursing homes and are being told not to touch patients. "Parents are telling their children to stay away from our children at school," she said. 

“Now there seems a growing perception that anyone of African descent may be carrying Ebola. And whether that person visited any of the affected countries recently appears to be of little relevance.

“Two Nigerian students were refused admission to Navarro College in Texas, because of a new college policy denying entry to students from countries affected by Ebola - even though Nigeria successfully brought its small outbreak under control. An airplane bound for Nigeria was grounded at JFK yesterday because staff refused to clean it.

“Furthermore, parents from a school in Jackson, Mississippi, withdrew their children from school when it was revealed that the principal had recently travelled to Zambia - in southern Africa.” (allafrica.com)

President Obama speaks at United Nations about epidemic in West Africa 

President Barack Obama
On September 25 President Obama said in a speech to the United Nations: “Ebola is a horrific disease.  It’s wiping out entire families.  It has turned simple acts of love and comfort and kindness -- like holding a sick friend’s hand, or embracing a dying child -- into potentially fatal acts.  If ever there were a public health emergency deserving an urgent, strong and coordinated international response, this is it. 

“But this is also more than a health crisis.  This is a growing threat to regional and global security.  In Liberia, in Guinea, in Sierra Leone, public health systems have collapsed.  Economic growth is slowing dramatically.  If this epidemic is not stopped, this disease could cause a humanitarian catastrophe across the region.  And in an era where regional crises can quickly become global threats, stopping Ebola is in the interest of all of us.

“Stopping Ebola is a priority for the United States.  I've said that this is as important a national security priority for my team as anything else that's out there.  We'll do our part.  We will continue to lead, but this has to be a priority for everybody else.  We cannot do this alone.  We don't have the capacity to do all of this by ourselves.  We don't have enough health workers by ourselves.  We can build the infrastructure and the architecture to get help in, but we're going to need others to contribute.”

Some countries have committed to helping financially to fight the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, but the checks are slow to come in. President Obama has committed $100 million, and the Pentagon is trying to find another half million dollars. The World Bank is forecasting that it will take $32.6 billion to curtail the epidemic in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea by 2015. The United Nation has set a budget of $1 billion to train local medical staff, build portable hospitals, furnishing them with beds, staff and equipment.

President Obama has sent 3,000 troops to West Africa to train healthcare workers, build 17 treatment centers and to establish a Military Central Center. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea will need three to four times the medical and public healthcare workers as are currently working with Ebola victims today. There is a need for 600 more doctors, and 1,000 workers to track and test contacts.

Americans contracted the Ebola virus while volunteering to fight the epidemic in West Africa

1. March 25, 2014 – The CDC issues its initial announcement on an outbreak in Guinea, and reports of cases in Liberia and Sierra Leone. “In Guinea, a total of 86 suspected cases, including 59 deaths (case fatality ratio: 68.5%), had been reported as of March 24, 2014. Preliminary results from the Pasteur Institute in Lyon, France suggest Zaire ebolavirus as the causative agent.”

2. April 16, 2014 – The New England Journal of Medicine publishes a report, speculating that the current outbreak’s Patient Zero was a two-year-old from Guinea. The child died on December 6, 2013, followed by his mother, sister and grandmother over the next month.

3. July 2014 – Patrick Sawyer, a top government official in the Liberian Ministry of Finance, dies at a local Nigerian hospital. He is the first American to die in what officials are calling “deadliest Ebola outbreak in history.”

4. July 2014 – Nancy Writebol, an American aid worker in Liberia, tests positive for Ebola. According to Samaritan’s Purse, Writebol is infected while treating Ebola patients in Liberia.

Dr. Kent Brantly attends patient in Liberia
5. July 26, 2014 – Kent Brantly, medical director for Samaritan Purse’s Ebola Consolidated Case Management Center in Liberia, is infected with the virus. According to Samaritan’s Purse, Brantly is infected while treating Ebola patients.

6. July 29, 2014 – According to Doctors Without Borders, Dr. Sheik Humarr Khan who was overseeing Ebola treatment at Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone dies from complications of the disease.

7. July 30, 2014 – The Peace Corps announces it is removing its volunteers from Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea.

8. July 31, 2014 – CDC raises its warning to Level 3. It warns U.S. residents to avoid “nonessential travel” to Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia.

9. August 2, 2014 – A specially equipped medical plane carrying Ebola patient Dr. Kent Brantly lands at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta, Georgia. He is then driven by ambulance to Emory University Hospital in Atlanta.

10. August 4, 2014 – CNN reports that three top secret, experimental vials of the drug, “ZMapp,” were flown into Liberia last week in a last-ditch effort to save Brantly and Writebol, according to a source familiar with details of the treatment. Doctors report “significant improvement.”

11. August 6, 2014 – Nancy Writebol arrives at Emory in Atlanta for treatment.

12. August 8, 2014 – Experts at the World Health Organization declare the Ebola epidemic ravaging West Africa an international health emergency that requires a coordinated global approach, describing it as the worst outbreak in the four-decade history of tracking the disease.

13. August 19, 2014 – Liberia’s President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf declares a nationwide curfew beginning August 20 and orders two communities to be completely quarantined, with no movement in or out of the areas.

14. August 21, 2014 – Dr. Kent Brantly is discharged from Emory University Hospital. It is also announced that Nancy Writebol had been released on Tuesday, August 19. The releases come after Emory staff are confident Brantly and Writebol pose “no public health threat.”

15. September 6, 2014 – The government of Sierra Leone announces plans for a nationwide lockdown from September 19-21, in order to stop the spread of Ebola. The lockdown is being billed as a predominantly social campaign rather than a medical one, in which volunteers will go door-to-door to talk to people.

16. September 16, 2014 – President Barack Obama calls the efforts to combat the Ebola outbreak centered in West Africa “the largest international response in the history of the CDC.” Speaking from the CDC headquarters in Atlanta, Obama adds that “faced with this outbreak, the world is looking to” the United States to lead international efforts to combat the virus. He says the United States is ready to take on that leadership role.

17. September 30, 2014 – Dr. Thomas Frieden, director of the CDC, announces the first diagnosed case of Ebola in the United States. The person has been hospitalized and isolated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas, Texas, since September 28.

18. October 1, 2014 – Liberian government officials release the name of the first diagnosed case of Ebola in the United States: Thomas Eric Duncan.

19. October 6, 2014 – A nurse’s assistant in Spain becomes the first person known to have contracted Ebola outside Africa in the current outbreak. The woman helped treat two Spanish missionaries, both of whom had contracted Ebola in West Africa, one in Liberia and the other in Sierra Leone. Both died after returning to Spain. On October 19, Spain’s Special Ebola Committee says that nurse’s aide Teresa Romero Ramos is considered free of the Ebola virus.

20. October 6, 2014 – NBC freelance cameraman Ashoka Mukpo arrives at Nebraska Medical Center for treatment after contracting Ebola in Liberia. On October 21, the hospital says that Mukpo no longer has the Ebola virus in his bloodstream and will be allowed to leave.
Nina Pham
21. October 8, 2014 – Thomas Eric Duncan dies of Ebola in Dallas.

22. October 11, 2014 – Nina Pham, a Dallas nurse who cared for the now-deceased Ebola patient Thomas Eric Duncan, tests positive for Ebola during a preliminary blood test. She is the first person to contract Ebola on American soil.

23. October 15, 2014 – Amber Vinson, a second Dallas nurse who also cared for Thomas Eric Duncan, is diagnosed with Ebola. Authorities say Vinson flew on a commercial jet from Cleveland to Dallas days before testing positive for Ebola.

24. October 20, 2014 – Under fire in the wake of Ebola cases
Amber Vinson
involving two Dallas nurses, the CDC issues updated Ebola guidelines that stress the importance of more training and supervision, and recommend that no skin be exposed when workers are wearing personal protective equipment, or PPE. (CNN News)
 

October 23, 2014—Dr. Craig Spencer of New York City was a volunteer with Doctors Without Borders and had just returned from West Africa where he worked with Ebola victims in Guinea. He monitored his temperature twice a day since his return. After a couple of day he developed a fever and called the Bellevue Hospital. He was picked up in a special ambulance, taken to the hospital where he was put in quarantine. He tested positive for Ebola. 

Dr. Craig Spencer
During his October 25 weekly address President Obama reminded Americans once again how Ebola is contracted. “New travel measures are now directing all travelers from the three affected countries in West Africa into five U.S. airports where we’re conducting additional screening. Starting this week, these travelers will be required to report their temperatures and any symptoms on a daily basis—for 21 days until we’re confident they don’t have Ebola.

“Here at the White House, my new Ebola response coordinator is working to ensure a seamless response across the federal government. And we have been examining the protocols for protecting our brave health care workers, and, guided by the science, we’ll continue to work with state and local officials to take the necessary steps to ensure the safety and health of the American people.

“In closing, I want to leave you with some basic facts. First, you cannot get Ebola easily. You can’t get it through casual contact with someone. Remember, down in Dallas, even Mr. Duncan’s family—who lived with him and helped care for him—even they did not get Ebola. The only way you can get this disease is by coming into direct contact with the bodily fluids of someone with symptoms. That’s the science. Those are the facts.”


***Update: Dr. Craig Spencer is now free of the Ebola virus, and was released from a New York hospital November 11.
 
Ready to go to West Africa, American National Guard practice putting on
hazmat suits